"The four parajikas (defeats) are rules entailing expulsion from the monastic community (Sangha) for life. If a monk or nun breaks any one of the rules he/she is automatically 'defeated' in the monastic life and falls from it immediately. S/He is not allowed to become a monk/nun again in his/her lifetime. Intention is necessary in… Continue reading A CELIBATE LIFE WITH LITTLE DESIRE FOR WORLDLY PLEASURES: THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MONASTICS AND HOUSEHOLDERS: Origin and development of the Vinaya rules, the eight kinds of precepts, four defeats, the origin and meaning of the Pratimoksha Sutra and comparison between different Vinaya versions and schools (Day Four, 17th Karmapa teaching, August 2022)